I am completely switching my mental model of what a ci/cd system should be at the moment: i use docker compose for absolutely everything possible. unit tests? runs as part of the container build. linear build dependent steps? multi stage docker biuld. DAG of build steps? dependencies in docker compose. This way every developer has the same system that ci/cd uses locally. debugging the dev setup is the same as debugging the ci/cd. The purpose of the actual ci/cd is reduced to handling/configuring triggers, handling env vars/secrets and triggering the docker compose command with the proper selected docker context

This also reduces the lock in by orders of magnitude.