Public sector economics and health economics generally. The principles discussed are fundamental to both subdisciplines and should be covered in the introductory chapter(s) of a basic textbook on the subject.

I'd used a textbook by Joseph Stiglitz several decades ago whilst at uni, and there should be an updated version of it out.

I think this might be it or close: Economics of the Public Sector, Fourth Edition. By Joseph E Stiglitz (Author, Columbia University), Jay K Rosengard (Author, Harvard University).

<https://wwnorton.com/books/9780393925227>

The table of contents looks promising, particularly chapter 5.

Also at: <https://search.worldcat.org/title/39485400>

You might also find this in Handbook of public economics by Alan J. Auerbach, Martin S. Feldstein, Raj Chetty, and Emmanuel Saez.

<https://search.worldcat.org/title/13360368>

Any undergrad economics textbook will have chapters about market failure. Do you want something more specific?

We covered it a lot in international political economy (IPE) since market failure scenarios tend to be exactly when even (non-looney/non-bad-faith) capitalism fans want governments to get involved. Guessing textbooks and readers on that sub-field would also be helpful.

(This is also why other posters here observe that examples of sectors prone to market failure have high levels of government involvement)