D has a lot of these kinds of "effects", though they're called "attributes" [1] like "nothrow", "pure", "safe", "mustuse", "nogc"... there's also the "noreturn" type for functions that will never return [2] (infinite loop or throws).

[1] https://dlang.org/spec/attribute.html#return

[2] https://dlang.org/spec/type.html#noreturn