PSA: This is a read-modify-write pattern, thus it is not safe under concurrency unless a transaction isolation level of SERIALIZABLE is specified, or some locking mechanism is used (select for update etc).
The part about checking the number of affected rows hints at using `UPDATE ... WHERE ...` which should act as an atomic CAS regardless of isolation level.
Edit: To clarify, I mean `SELECT id WHERE used = 0` followed by `UPDATE ... SET used = 1 WHERE id = ... AND used = 0`
I don't get it :(. Why could the same task be executed more than once? From my understanding, if the UPDATE is atomic, only one worker will be able to set `used = 1`. If the update statement is not successful (affected != 1), then the worker should drop the task and do another select.
With a transaction isolation level below SERIALIZABLE you can have two transactions that both read the old row (with `used = 0`) at the time they perform the update (but before they commit the transaction). In that case, both transactions will have performed an update (rows affected = 1).
Why would both transactions see `used = 0`? The DB server tries to isolate transactions and actively hides effects of other transactions that have not committed yet.
This is not true in postgres. When the second transaction tries to update the row, it will wait for the first transaction to commit first and then recheck the WHERE.
This should be safe under SI (other than the ABA issue, which isn't even fixed with serializable). The update forces a W-W conflict, which is sufficient to make the behavior serializable under SI (and therefore, I think but am not sure, PG's RR level too).
