It took a few tries, but I got Wolfram Alpha to compute its velocity compared to the speed of light[1].
I started with:
sqrt(1-((1/(1+120 PeV / (neutrino mass * c^2)))^2))
but it simply said "data not available". So I changed:
120 PeV to 120e15 * 1.602176634e-19 kg m^2 s^-2
neutrino mass to 1.25e-37kg
speed of light to 299792458 m/s
and finally it gave a numeric result:
0.999999999999999999999999999999999999829277971
(that's 36 nines in a row). Pasting it in Google says the value is "1", which is… not far off.
If you want details about the way this is calculated, I dug up the formula from an article I'd written about particle velocities in the LHC, back in 2008[2]. For comparison, their 7 TeV protons were going at 0.999999991 × c.
That’s fast! But for how much energy? For comparison, the total energy from this one particle (0.0192 joules) is equivalent to keeping a 50 mW LED lit for a third of a second.
Time is in seconds, length in meters, temperature in kelvin, etc. A unit of energy like a joule is then defined using these base units, so 1 joule is 1⋅kg⋅m^2⋅s^-2.
> The kilogram is the base unit of mass in the International System of Units (SI)
Arguably, an ugly wart, but one we are stuck with for historical reasons. The base units of the original metric system (metre and gram) were poorly proportioned for practical use, resulting in the two main scientific/engineering systems of metric units both choosing to prefix one base unit - the centimetre-gram-second (cgs) system chose to prefix the metre, the metre-kilogram-second (mks) system chose to prefix the gram, and eventually mks won out over cgs and evolved into SI.
Whatever warts SI has, they are nothing compared to the chaos of the Imperial/customary system
> The base units of the original metric system (metre and gram) were poorly proportioned for practical use
What is the dealbreaker here though? Because we have plenty of "poorly proportioned" SI units anyway; e.g. it would be much more practical to have megapascal, microfarad and megajoule as base units from an engineering pov (particle physicists might disagree;).
Pascal, farad, joule aren't base units, they are derived units.
Ideally, the base units should be prefixless. Except for kilogram, they all are.
Imagine a system exactly the same as SI, except instead of the kilogram, it had the kram, where 1 kram = 1 kilogram... then the gram would be the millikram, the milligram would become microkram, the microgram would become the nanokram, etc... if you were starting from scratch, without any historical baggage, wouldn't such a system be superior? But of course, we aren't starting without historical baggage – almost everybody knows what a kilogram is, kram is a word I just now made up.
I think some derived units being "poorly proportioned" is inevitable given the physics we have.
I understand what you mean-- I was just curious about why we could not just stick with gram-meter-second (since we have a bunch of "poorly proportioned" derived units anyway)...
Using the gram would not have removed the prefixes from all commonly used units.
In the beginning, the liter was a much more frequently used unit of volume than the cubic meter.
A liter was defined as the volume of a kilogram of water. In a system were the gram was the unit of mass, the corresponding unit of volume was the milliliter.
Which of the gram and the kilogram or which of the centimeter and meter were chosen as the units of mass and length did not matter much for mechanical units, in the way they were used in practice in the 19th century.
A definite choice of the base units has become important only after a bunch of new physical quantities have been defined for use in the theories of electricity, magnetism, heat and light, in the second half of the 19th century. When dealing with so many different physical quantities, not using unique base units would have caused too much confusion. While this necessity has been recognized, for many years 2 different choices for the base units were widespread, that based on meter-kilogram (used mostly by engineers) and that based on centimeter-gram (used mostly by theoreticians). Meter and kilogram were more typical for the sizes of practical machines, while centimeter and gram were more typical for the sizes of laboratory experiments.
If the base unit were gram, megapascals would be gigapascals, microfarads would be nanofarads, and megajoules gigajoules. Similarly a watt would be what's now a milliwatt and most "everyday" powers (except in electronics) would be kilowatts or megawatts.
It's not just by region, but at the city level too. There are often significant differences between salaries in capital cities vs others, as one would expect.
The cost of living is different, larger companies in major population centers have more capital, etc.
For what it's worth, I've used Botan in a personal project where I needed a few hashing algorithms to verify file integrity (SHA-1, SHA-256, even MD5), and also used Botan's base 64 decoder in the same project.
I found its modern "style" pleasant to write code for, and easy to integrate with good docs. That said, I did notice the large number of algorithms as others have pointed out, and I'm not sure I'd use it for more serious purposes when libsodium is well-established. It certainly wouldn't be an obvious choice.
But to quickly add support for common hash algorithms in a small project, I thought it was a good option and enjoyed its API design and simplicity.
If you don't know how precise GPS receivers can get with dead reckoning techniques, this demo of someone "drawing" onto a map of their driveway using a GPS receiver is very impressive: https://youtu.be/3tQjIHFcJVg?t=245
It looks like they're getting measurements that are only a few inches away of the module's real position, although of course the conditions seem favorable with an unobstructed sky and consistent alignment.
The module they use is a ZED-F9P by u-blox. I've used ~$50 u-blox GPS modules in DIY electronic projects before since they're often the brand you'll get when buying GPS modules, but this particular type with dead reckoning is much more expensive. Sparkfun has it for $275 for example: https://www.sparkfun.com/products/16481.
I believe this is demonstrating the performance improvement of RTK [0] alone, not dead reckoning. GPS + dead reckoning is what phones and wearable do afaik, whereas RTK requires getting correction data associated to base stations nearby and seems mostly relevant for industrial applications (you need a subscription in the case of u-blox).
There are a number of blog posts online and StackOverflow questions explaining IOCCC entries, and they generally seem to be built/obfuscated by hand. It's an art and it's far from trivial, which is one of the reasons why the contest exists :)
This doesn't feel like a serious question, but in case this is still a mystery to you… the name bit is a portmanteau of binary digit, and as indicated by the word "binary", there are only two possible digits that can be used as values for a bit: 0 and 1.
From the article, that's a massive pile of charges they're dumping onto him, all apparently because people use Telegram in ways the French state disapproves of?
> Why was he under threat of a search warrant?
> The justice department considers that the lack of moderation, lack of cooperation with law enforcement, and the tools offered by Telegram (disposable number, cryptocurrencies, etc.) make him an accomplice to drug trafficking, pedo-criminal offenses and fraud.
A French citizen running a service in France is going to be subject to French laws and can expect to be arrested when they step into the country of France if they have charges pending.
>A ~French~ Chinese citizen running a service in ~French~ Chinese is going to be subject to ~French~ Chinese laws and can expect to be arrested when they step into the country of ~French~ Chinese if they have charges pending.
>This isn’t some grand conspiracy theory.
Funny that when the wrong country does it it's tyranny. When a Western country does it it's the rule of law.
There's nothing funny or wrong about this argument. In a democracy, law is a community consensus. In a tyranny it's just a rule set up by the tyrant for everyone to follow (but never followed by the tyrant himself and his gunmen).
That said, even in democracy a law can be bad, and likely is in this case.
I reread what you wrote and I think it's fair to say that you're deferring to a 'whataboutism'. If you can provide actual examples of what you're talking about, then an intellectual argument/discussion could be formed.
Well of you provide a service and it's knowingly used by criminals and you just implement features to benefit the criminal activity but make no effort to curb it. Yes, your an accomplice.
If the road worker built features that specifically provided an oversized benefit to the bank robbing community in general, you’d definitely investigate the worker or construction company
To get the analogy straight, they would definitely arrest the CEO of the roadworks company if the road was letting robbers through but hindering law enforcement and the CEO was refusing to make the changes legally asked of them to mitigate the problem, yes.
No it doesn't. If you set up PGP or SSL you'll be able to encrypt things and might even misuse this capability for crime, but you won't have installed a platform where crime is openly advertised.
I like Telegram, a lot, but if you're ignoring the fact that large parts of it openly function as a mall for criminal services (and it's 100x easier to find that stuff than via Tor, for example) you're not being honest with yourself. A lot of people here are just reflexively assuming its mean cops vs encryption because that's an issue tehy personally care about, and ignoring any other context.
The only languages it supports are JavaScript, TypeScript, PHP, and Lua. I can confirm that it works for JavaScript and TypeScript, I haven't tried the other two.
A similar extension named "Inline Parameters Extended for VSCode" supports a different set of languages: Golang, Java, Lua, PHP, and Python. It seems to be a fork of the aforementioned.
This attack happened a few days before Halloween 2023 (pumpkins), with a large drop in the number of devices connected to the Internet – like how an eclipse suddenly brings a period of darkness, maybe?
This is just my interpretation, I also found it cryptic.
I started with:
but it simply said "data not available". So I changed: and finally it gave a numeric result: (that's 36 nines in a row). Pasting it in Google says the value is "1", which is… not far off.If you want details about the way this is calculated, I dug up the formula from an article I'd written about particle velocities in the LHC, back in 2008[2]. For comparison, their 7 TeV protons were going at 0.999999991 × c.
[1] https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=sqrt%281-%28%281%2F%281...
[2] https://log.kv.io/post/2008/09/12/lhc-how-fast-do-these-prot...